Palm Isles Sales Transactions

Search our database for private property transactions data with caveats in the last 5 years.

A caveat is a legal document lodged by purchasers with the Singapore Land Authority (SLA) to register their legal interest in the residential property. Caveats are usually lodged by the conveyancing lawyer after the Option to Purchase (OTP) is exercised or the Sales and Purchase agreement (S&P) has been signed. If the purchaser did not take a home loan, it is not mandatory to lodge a caveat.

The sales data was last updated on 25th December 2024, 01:00 AM.

Postal District

Type

Project Name

Street Name

Type of Sale

Palm Isles Transacted Price

PALM ISLES is a 99 yrs lease residential property at Flora Drive of District 17 in Singapore.

If the unit at Palm Isles has a small floor area and it is on a high floor, the cost per square foot (PSF) will be higher.

Date of Sale Project Name Street Name District Market Segment Tenure Lease Start Type of Sale Floor Level Floor Area (Sqft) PSF (S$) Sale Price (S$)
November 2024 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 516 1,383 715,000
November 2024 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 516 1,451 750,000
October 2024 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 06-10 785 1,145 900,000
October 2024 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 990 1,226 1,215,000
October 2024 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 990 1,252 1,240,000
October 2024 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 990 1,292 1,280,000
October 2024 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 990 1,272 1,260,000
October 2024 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 1119 1,232 1,380,000
October 2024 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 06-10 1323 1,329 1,760,000
September 2024 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 839 1,176 988,000
August 2024 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 785 1,215 955,000
June 2024 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 990 1,221 1,210,000
June 2024 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 516 1,387 717,000
June 2024 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 516 1,374 710,000
June 2024 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 06-10 785 1,207 948,888
May 2024 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 3013 922 2,780,000
May 2024 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 807 1,189 960,000
May 2024 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 516 1,308 676,000
May 2024 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 807 1,130 913,000
April 2024 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 06-10 1323 1,284 1,700,000
April 2024 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 06-10 1119 1,190 1,333,000
March 2024 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 06-10 807 1,114 900,000
February 2024 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 807 1,145 925,000
February 2024 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 3013 912 2,750,000
January 2024 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 06-10 1323 1,237 1,638,000
December 2023 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 1119 1,161 1,300,000
November 2023 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 06-10 807 1,176 950,000
November 2023 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 1119 1,165 1,305,000
October 2023 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 990 1,221 1,210,000
October 2023 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 785 1,175 924,000
October 2023 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 06-10 990 1,280 1,268,000
September 2023 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 3799 768 2,920,000
September 2023 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 06-10 807 1,213 980,000
August 2023 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 947 1,182 1,120,000
July 2023 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 06-10 516 1,316 680,000
July 2023 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 1323 1,193 1,580,000
July 2023 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 785 1,160 912,000
July 2023 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 516 1,412 730,000
July 2023 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 559 1,295 725,000
May 2023 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 559 1,268 710,000
May 2023 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 516 1,331 688,000
April 2023 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 516 1,335 690,000
April 2023 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 06-10 990 1,212 1,200,888
April 2023 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 06-10 807 1,127 910,000
February 2023 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 1184 1,081 1,280,000
February 2023 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 06-10 516 1,263 653,000
January 2023 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 516 1,248 645,000
January 2023 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 785 1,166 916,888
December 2022 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 505 1,166 590,000
November 2022 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 807 1,139 920,000
October 2022 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 1119 1,054 1,180,000
October 2022 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 06-10 516 1,248 645,000
September 2022 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 06-10 1323 1,109 1,469,000
September 2022 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 839 1,089 915,000
August 2022 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 516 1,199 620,000
August 2022 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 807 1,065 860,000
August 2022 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 559 1,139 638,000
August 2022 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 990 1,019 1,010,000
August 2022 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 06-10 990 1,128 1,118,000
July 2022 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 990 1,120 1,110,000
July 2022 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 06-10 990 1,085 1,075,000
July 2022 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 505 1,215 615,000
July 2022 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 1323 1,068 1,415,000
July 2022 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 559 1,045 585,000
July 2022 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 807 1,052 850,000
June 2022 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 516 1,190 615,000
June 2022 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 990 1,110 1,100,000
June 2022 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 1119 1,036 1,160,000
June 2022 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 990 1,009 1,000,000
June 2022 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 06-10 990 1,105 1,095,000
June 2022 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 06-10 990 1,040 1,030,000
June 2022 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 807 1,050 848,000
May 2022 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 990 1,070 1,060,000
May 2022 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 06-10 785 979 770,000
May 2022 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 06-10 990 1,030 1,020,000
April 2022 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 06-10 516 1,199 620,000
April 2022 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 807 1,018 822,000
April 2022 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 990 1,060 1,050,000
April 2022 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 06-10 990 944 935,000
April 2022 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 1323 1,057 1,400,000
March 2022 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 990 959 950,000
March 2022 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 947 881 835,000
March 2022 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 1184 961 1,138,000
March 2022 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 990 947 938,000
February 2022 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 06-10 990 999 990,000
February 2022 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 516 1,180 610,000
February 2022 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 06-10 990 1,060 1,050,000
February 2022 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 1119 1,000 1,120,000
February 2022 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 807 997 805,000
February 2022 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 559 1,121 628,000
January 2022 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 06-10 1119 1,035 1,158,888
January 2022 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 516 1,180 610,000
January 2022 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 785 1,005 790,000
January 2022 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 1323 1,027 1,360,000
December 2021 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 06-10 990 988 978,888
December 2021 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 807 951 768,000
December 2021 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 1119 980 1,098,000
December 2021 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 3799 776 2,950,000
December 2021 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 559 1,089 610,000
December 2021 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 807 990 800,000
December 2021 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 807 1,000 808,000
November 2021 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 516 1,180 610,000
November 2021 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 516 1,093 565,000
November 2021 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 947 892 845,000
November 2021 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 516 1,176 608,000
November 2021 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 807 978 790,000
October 2021 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 990 979 970,000
October 2021 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 785 967 760,000
October 2021 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 06-10 990 939 930,000
October 2021 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 1323 995 1,318,000
October 2021 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 516 1,138 588,000
September 2021 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 785 955 751,000
September 2021 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 06-10 1323 929 1,230,000
September 2021 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 807 943 761,688
September 2021 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 06-10 990 923 915,000
August 2021 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 06-10 785 960 755,000
August 2021 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 505 1,087 550,000
August 2021 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 516 1,118 578,000
August 2021 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 559 1,071 600,000
July 2021 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 990 876 868,000
June 2021 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 807 891 720,000
June 2021 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 785 954 750,000
June 2021 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 807 916 740,000
June 2021 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 785 941 740,000
May 2021 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 06-10 516 1,087 562,000
May 2021 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 516 1,103 570,000
May 2021 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 1184 944 1,118,000
May 2021 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 807 941 760,000
May 2021 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 807 966 780,000
May 2021 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 1119 933 1,045,000
April 2021 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 1323 981 1,300,000
April 2021 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 516 1,041 538,000
April 2021 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 06-10 990 939 930,000
April 2021 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 516 1,064 550,000
April 2021 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 990 908 900,000
April 2021 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 990 858 850,000
April 2021 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 505 1,097 555,000
April 2021 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 785 948 745,000
March 2021 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 505 1,047 530,000
March 2021 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 516 1,083 560,000
March 2021 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 1119 875 980,000
February 2021 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 839 917 770,000
January 2021 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 516 1,045 540,000
January 2021 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 3756 572 2,150,000
January 2021 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 06-10 1119 951 1,065,000
January 2021 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 947 886 840,000
December 2020 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 516 1,016 525,000
November 2020 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 06-10 785 960 755,000
October 2020 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 1119 929 1,040,000
October 2020 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 807 879 710,000
October 2020 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 516 1,064 550,000
September 2020 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 1119 937 1,050,000
September 2020 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 3799 539 2,050,000
September 2020 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 807 963 778,000
September 2020 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 516 1,064 550,000
August 2020 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 516 1,019 527,000
August 2020 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 559 1,009 565,000
August 2020 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 990 858 850,000
July 2020 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 516 1,035 535,000
July 2020 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 1323 897 1,188,000
July 2020 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 516 1,045 540,000
April 2020 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 807 910 735,000
April 2020 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 990 878 870,000
April 2020 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 516 1,025 530,000
April 2020 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 06-10 1119 982 1,100,000
April 2020 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 807 923 745,888
March 2020 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 947 886 840,000
March 2020 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 06-10 807 916 740,000
March 2020 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 516 1,006 520,000
February 2020 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 1323 944 1,250,000
February 2020 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 01-05 785 916 720,000
January 2020 PALM ISLES FLORA DRIVE 17 OCR 99 yrs lease 2011 Resale 06-10 1119 937 1,050,000

Read also: PALM ISLES Rental Transactions